Introduction of Software Engineering

                  What is Software?

                     The product that software professionals build and then support over the                        long term.

                 Software encompasses: (1) instructions (computer programs) that when                          executed provide desired features, function, and performance;  (2) data                        structures that enable the programs to adequately store and manipulate                        information and (3) documentation that describes the operation and use of                    the programs.

             Software products

Generic products

Stand-alone systems that are marketed and sold to any customer who wishes to buy

them. Examples – PC software such as editing, graphics programs, project management tools;

CAD software; software for specific markets such as appointments systems for dentists.

Customized products                                                                                            

Software that is commissioned by a specific customer to meet their own needs.

Examples – embedded control systems, air traffic control software, traffic monitoring systems.

Why Software is Important?

The economies of ALL developed nations are dependent on software.

More and more systems are software controlled ( transportation, medical, telecommunications,        

military, industrial, entertainment,)

Software engineering is concerned with theories, methods and tools for professional software

development.

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Windows 10 Features

 Windows 10 Features

 Prepared by:- aikumang.blogspot.com                                                           

Contents

•         Road map of Windows 10

•         Features of Windows 10

•         Keyboard Shortcuts

•         Preview graph

•         Cost

•         Desktop Background

•         System requirements

•         Languages

•         Go back to your previous OS

•         Gaining Momentum

•         Reference

Road Map of Windows 10

•         The event on September 30 announced the release of the Technical Preview of Windows 10 for laptops and desktops, often referred to as WTP, DP (Developer Preview) or CTP (community technology previews).

•         Microsoft released its Windows Insider Program on October 1st, designed to keep early adopters up to date with the latest preview builds of Windows 10.

•         Starting with Technical Preview for laptops and desktops, the preview build will extend to servers short after.

•         As of October 7, the preview build is available to Windows 7 users as well. 

•         Consumer preview builds will not be available until early next year, according to Microsoft's Terry Myerson.

•         The Technical Preview will end sharply on April 15, which conveniently leaves right off at...

•         Microsoft's Build 2015 conference April, at which the company will talk more about Universal Apps and likely issue a Windows 10 release date.

•         On January 21, Microsoft holds an event detailing even more about Windows 10.

 Features

 

•       Start menu: The familiar Start menu is back, but it brings with it a new customizable space for your favorite apps and Live Tiles.

    

                                                        

•        Everything runs in a window: Apps from the Windows Store now open in the same format that desktop apps do and can be resized and moved around, and have title bars at the top allowing for maximize, minimize, and close with a click.

•       Snap enhancements 

•          You can now have four apps snapped on the same screen with a new quadrant layout. Windows will also show other apps and programs running for additional snapping and even make smart suggestions on filling available screen space with other open apps.

•        New task view button: There’s a new task-view button on the taskbar for quick switching between open files and quick access to any desktops you create.

•        Multiple desktops: Create desktops for different purposes and projects and switch between these desktops easily and pick up where you left off on each desktop.

•        Find files faster: File Explorer now displays your recent files and frequently visited folders making for finding files you’ve worked on is easier

•      Keyboard Shortcuts in Technical Preview

•         Snapping window: WIN + LEFT or RIGHT (can be used with UP or DOWN to get into quadrants)

•         Switch to recent window: ALT + TAB (unchanged) – Hold shows new Task view window view, let go and switches to app.

•         Task view: WIN + TAB – New Task view opens up and stays open.

•         Create new virtual desktop: WIN + CTRL + D

•         Close current virtual desktop: WIN + CTRL + F4

•         Switch virtual desktop: WIN + CTRL + LEFT or RIGHT

•       Share from File Explorer in the Windows 10 Technical Preview

•         In the Windows 10 Technical Preview, added a new “Share” button in File Explorer to make it easy to share one or more selected files. Most file management happens through File Explorer, and now sharing is streamlined right where you need it.

•         Installed apps that enable sharing will work with this button; it will open the share experience just like in Windows 8.1 when the Share charm is used. For example – you can select a few photos directly in File Explorer, press the share button, and share directly to Face-book or Twitter if you have these apps installed. 

•      How much will it cost?

       Microsoft Chief Operating Officer Kevin Turner said at the Credit Suisse Technology Conference in early December,

 "There are additional opportunities for us to bring additional services to the product and do it in a creative way. And through the course of the summer and spring we'll be announcing what that business model looks like.” (according to Wind8apps.com)

•        Desktop Background

•         Desktop background with the following sizes: 1280×1024 (Normal), 2560×1920 (Normal), 2560×1600 (Wide), 1920×1080 (HD), and 3840×2160 (4K).

•       System requirements

•         Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster

•         RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) (32-bit) or 2 GB (64-bit)

•         Free hard disk space: 16 GB

•         Graphics card: Microsoft DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM driver

•         A Microsoft account and Internet access

       Languages

       Technical Preview is available in English, Chinese Simplified, and Brazilian Portuguese.

       Expire date

       If you’re running Technical Preview, we'll send you notifications beginning on April 1, 2015 to remind you that it’s time to upgrade your PC to a newer version.

•       If you want to go back to your previous operating system

•         You'll need to reinstall your version of Windows from the recovery or installation media that came with your PC (typically DVD media). If you don't have recovery media:

•         For Windows 7 or Windows Vista: Before you update, you might be able to create recovery media from a recovery partition on your PC using software provided by your PC manufacturer. Check the support section of your PC manufacturer's website for more info.

•         For Windows 8.1 or Windows 8: You might be able to create a USB recovery drive. If you didn’t create a USB recovery drive before you installed the preview, you can create installation media for Windows8.1.

•       Gaining momentum

       This Windows Insider thing seems to be gaining momentum.  1.5 million registered Windows Insiders today which is amazing, and about 450k that are consider “highly activate”.  Windows Insiders are using Windows 10 preview builds more actively than participants in preview/beta programs for any prior release of Windows.

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The Problem of Poverty

The incidence of poverty in Pakistan is on increase is spite of recent opening up of the Pakistani economy, globalization economy. The rich are becoming richer and the poor, more poor and deprived. The rural poverty has increased from 32 percent of 42 percent as nothing effective has been done to alleviate poverty and to bridge the gap between the well off and the needy and poor in the villages. Poverty can be seen at its worst in some of the Pakistani Provinces like rural Sindh, Balochistan, KP, etc. where millions and million of people suffer from hunger, poverty, malnutrition, ill-health and destitution. Hundreds of them are dying regularly for want of basic minimum need. There cannot be a more appalling and agonizing scene than this. In spite of our 67 years of independence, we have not been able to provide millions and millions of Pakistani with barest minimum food to keep their body and soul together, let alone the improvement in the quality of life.

It is estimated that about half of the Pakistani population has been living below poverty line. However, official figure show that poverty in Pakistan has declined from 30 percent in 184-85 to 29.9 percent during 1987-88. These figures cannot be relied upon because they are prepared on the dictate of the political bosses.

For example, till March 1997, it was estimated that 18.1 percent of people in Pakistan were living below poverty line against 29.9 percent, during 1987-88. Then this figure was doubled to 39.57 percent at the full meeting of the Planning Commission held on 10 March, 1997 and presided over by the Prime Minister to suit and serve the ends of the political leaders and masters. Every now and then poverty statistics are manipulated and new methodologies are evolved to calculate the number of poor in the country. It is high time that such practices are stopped and a sound, foolproof and objective methodology, based on facts and technical data, is adopted.

Poverty cannot be defined exactly and in absolute terms. It may differ from country to country and even from one province to another in the same country. Similarly, a rural poor and an urban poor cannot be measured with the same yardstick because the cost of living in respect of these two are different. But all people whose calorie intake is very low or modest, those who do not have basic minimum needs of living are below poverty line. They are victims of hunger, starvation, ill health and malnutrition because their means of subsistence are abysmally low and negligible. They have been living in famine conditions. There are enough food-grains in the the market but they have no money to buy it. Political freedom and independence in meaningless unless people free from hunger and abject poverty. These people just exist and life has no joy, no significance for them.

The rural spent over 75 percent of their meagre income on food. In urban areas too, the very poor spend almost the same percentage of their wages on food items. Then there is hardly left anything from clothing, housing, education or health. These people have been victims of endemic, hunger, poverty and destitution. Even the food grains sold through the network of ration and fair price shops at subsided rates have been beyond their purchasing power. The imbalance between population and food production has further worsened the situation. Consequently, there are many starvation deaths, particularly in the remote and far-flung rural areas. According to Decadal 1991 census, Pakistan's population was 846.3 million. Pakistan is one of the most population nation. Malnutrition is the result because food production is hardly keeping pace with the rapidly increasing number of mouths in the country. According a report, Pakistan is one of the three countries where 50 percent of the world's malnourished children are found. The other two countries are India and Bangladesh. About 53 percent of under five children are malnourished in the country. Infants here are worst off than in nay country of the world. Thus, the per capita availability of food grains was 15.2 ounces per day in 1956, which increased marginally to 15.8 ounces in 1974.

There has been green revolution and food-grain production has definitely increased but this has been in respect of fine and superior food grains like wheat and rice only. As far as the coarse food grains like bajra, Jawar and barley etc. are concerned, the grouth has been negligible. The poor masses cannot afford to buy superior quality of food grains. Thus, the much advertised green revolution has only served the interest of relatively rich and prosperous sections of the society and the weaker and vulnerable section have been left in the lurch. The marginal farmers have been further benefited the most from this agriculture revolution. There has been improvement in the quality of life and living-standards of the upper middle class but as far as the poor classes are concerned, they are just managing to survive and exist. For them ratio, electronic gadgets etc. are still luxury. They cannot dream of consumer durables. The small farmers, daily wage-earners, labourers, artisans etc. in the villages and small towns are still being exploited by the middle men and money-lenders. They are worst victims of hoarders, black marketers and price-manipulators. The traders and shopkeepers fleece them as and when they will because they are poor, illiterate, superstitious and fatalistic.

Poverty is not a sin but it is definitely a curse which in its return generates such social evils and crimes as theft, kidnapping, murder, drug-trafficking, violence, prostitution, extremism and terrorism etc. A poor person, drived to extreme and desperation can stoop too low to commit any crime. Poor and unemployed young men in the cities easily become an unwilling instrument of foreign sponsored terrorism. For example, three brothers in Punjab all daily wage labourers and dalits committed suicide by consuming alphos poison on April 1997. They could not afford the proper treatment of their ailing father because of extreme poverty who ultimately died for want of medication and care. Many unmarried girls hang, immolate or drink poison to commit suicide because their parents cannot afford dowry or decent marriage.

Pakistan is an Islamic welfare State and it is the duty of the government to see that all its citizens lead a good, meaningful, satisfying and qualitative life. Some of the directive principles like "the right to adequate means to livelihood," "right to work", protection against "unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement." free and universal education up to the age of 14 years" should now become part of our fundamental rights and therefore, justice able. The concentration of wealth in the hands of few should be prevented and three should be fair distribution of national wealth among all its citizens. 

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Wrire An Application to the Principal of your college requesting him to grant one month leave.

The Principal,

Government College,

City A.B.C.

Subject:         Leave for One Month

Sir,

     I beg to say that I have been suffering from typhoid fever for three days. The doctor has advised me to take a complete rest for a month.

It is, therefore, requesting that I may very kindly be granted leave for a month from 3rd June, 2015 to July 2nd, 2015. The medical certificate as appended for your kind information.

I shall be grateful to you for this favour.

Thanking you,

Your Obediently,

X.Y.Z.

Date: June 02, 2015 

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